273
1. Alamri MM, Alrehaili MA, Albariqi W. Relationship Between Speech Delay and Smart Media in Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Sep 17;15(9):e45396. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45396. PMID: 37854747; PMCID: PMC10580299.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591.
3. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 152(5), Article e2023063128. doi.10.1542/peds.2023-063128.
4. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2023). Speech-language assessment for preschool and school-age children. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/spoken-language-disorders/
5. Bal M, Kara Aydemir AG, Tepetaş Cengiz GŞ, Altındağ A. Examining the relationship between language development, executive function, and screen time: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024 Dec 26;19(12):e0314540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314540. PMID: 39724067; PMCID: PMC11670964.
6. Bayley, N., & Aylward, G. P. (2020). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development – Fourth Edition (Bayley-4). Pearson Clinical.
7. Bozzola E, Spina G, Ruggiero M, et al. Media devices in pre-school children: the recommendations of the Italian Pediatric Society. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):69.
8. Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Health Task Force, Ottawa, Ontario. Digital media: Promoting healthy screen use in school-aged children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2019 Sep;24(6):402-417. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxz095. Epub 2019 Sep 5. PMID: 31528113; PMCID: PMC6736327.
9. Canadian Paediatric Society. (2023). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health in the digital age. https://cps.ca/documents/position/screen-time-and-preschool-children.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Developmental monitoring and screening. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/screening.html.
11. Chassiakos, Y. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., Cross, C., & Council on Communications and Media. (2020). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), Article e20162593. doi.10.1542/peds.2016-2593.
12. Chen S, Xiao X, Qi Z, Chen L, et al. Effects of prenatal and infant daily exposure to pyrethroid pesticides on the language development of 2-year-old toddlers: A prospective cohort study in rural Yunnan, China. Neurotoxicology. 2022 Sep;92:180-190. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.002. Epub 2022 Aug 6. PMID: 35944761.
13. Chen YY, Yim H, Lee TH. Negative impact of daily screen use on inhibitory control network in preadolescence: A two-year follow-up study. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2023 Apr;60:101218. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101218. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 36821878; PMCID: PMC9933860.
14. Cheung CH, Bedford R, Saez De Urabain IR, Karmiloff-Smith A, Smith TJ. Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 13;7:46104. doi: 10.1038/srep46104. PMID: 28406474; PMCID: PMC5390665.
15. Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., & McCarty, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics, 113(4), 708–713. doi.10.1542/peds.113.4.708.
16. Cui G, Ren Y, Zhou X. Language as a modulator to cognitive and neurological systems. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2025 Apr;254:104803. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104803. Epub 2025 Feb 17. PMID: 39965507.
17. Çalışkan Demir, B., & Özcan, Ö. Ö. (2021). The relationship between digital screen media exposure and speech delay in children. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(2), 866–874. doi.10.17826/cumj.979055.
18. F, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2022). Longitudinal associations between early childhood media exposure and language development: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 64, 101018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101018.
19. Feldman HM. How Young Children Learn Language and Speech. Pediatr Rev. 2019 Aug;40(8):398-411. doi: 10.1542/pir.2017-0325. PMID: 31371633; PMCID: PMC7236655.
20. Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., & Thal, D. J. (2021). MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories – Third Edition (CDI-3). Brookes Publishing.
21. Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (2020). MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI): User’s Guide and Technical Manual (3rd ed.). Brookes Publishing.
22. Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2021). The emergence of an early word spurt: A meta-analysis of word learning across languages. Psychological Science, 32(7), 1067–1081. doi.10.1177/09567976211005732.
23. Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91(4), 1357–1392. doi.10.1152/physrev.00006.2011.
24. Gowenlock AE, Norbury C, Rodd JM. Exposure to Language in Video and its Impact on Linguistic Development in Children Aged 3-11: A Scoping Review. J Cogn. 2024 Jul 17;7(1):57. doi: 10.5334/joc.385. PMID: 39035076; PMCID: PMC11259113.
25. Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Chassiakos, et al. (2023). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 152(5), Article e2023063128. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-063128.
26. Hiltunen P, Leppanen MH, Ray C, et al. Relationship between screen time and sleep among Finnish preschool children: results from the DAGIS study. Sleep Med. 2021 Jan;77:75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.008. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33338700.
27. Hutton, J. S., Dudley, J., Horowitz-Kraus, T., DeWitt, T., & Holland, S. K. (2019). Associations between screen-based media use and brain white matter integrity in preschool-aged children. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(1), e193869. doi.10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869.
28. Hutton, J. S., Dudley, J., Horowitz-Kraus, T., DeWitt, T., & Holland, S. K. (2022). Associations between digital media use and brain surface structure in children. Scientific Reports, 12, 20922. doi.10.1038/s41598-022-20922-0.
29. Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., & Council on Children with Disabilities. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), Article e20193447. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447.
30. Jeon H, Lee SH. From Neurons to Social Beings: Short Review of the Mirror Neuron System Research and Its Socio-Psychological and Psychiatric Implications. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018 Feb 28;16(1):18-31. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.18. PMID: 29397663; PMCID: PMC5810456.
31. Kabali HK, Irigoyen MM, Nunez‐Davis R, et al. Exposure and Use of Mobile Media Devices by Young Children. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):1044–50.
32. Kabukçu Başay, B., & Tezer, F. (2020). Konuşma gecikmesi ile başvuran çocuklarda uzun dönem izlem ve nörogelişimsel sonuçlar. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 55(4), 370-378. doi.10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2020.67845.
33. Kardefelt-Winther, D., et al. (2023). Screen time and development in early childhood: A systematic scoping review. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology, 14, 1439040. doi.10.3389/fdpys.2023.1439040.
34. Kebir, C., & Özkaya, H. (2023). Investigation of the effect of screen exposure on language development in children between 16–36 months. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 27(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.54308/tahd.2023.21033.
35. Kılınç, G., et al. (2022). Validity and reliability of the Denver II Developmental Screening Test in Turkish children. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 64(3), 456–464. https://doi.org/10.24996/tjp.2022.64.3.005.
36. Kuhl, P. K. (2007). Is speech learning “gated” by the social brain? Developmental Science, 10(1), 110–120. doi.10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00572.x
37. Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67(5), 713–727. doi.10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.038.
38. Kurdziel, L. B., Duclos, K., & Spencer, R. M. (2013). Sleep spindles in midday naps enhance learning in preschool children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(43), 17267–17272. doi.10.1073/pnas.1306418110.
39. Lee S, Han A, Choi YJ, Cho Y, Park S. Screen time in preschoolers: determinants and parental influence. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1072.
40. Lewin, K. M., Asch, R. J., Hahn, E. C., & Hampton Wray, A. (2023). Children’s screentime is associated with reduced brain activation during an inhibitory control task: A pilot EEG study. Frontiers in Cognition, 2, 1018096. doi.10.3389/fcogn.2023.1018096.
41. Lillard AS, Peterson J. The immediate impact of different types of television on young children's executive function. Pediatrics. 2011 Oct;128(4):644-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1919. Epub 2011 Sep 12. PMID: 21911349; PMCID: PMC9923845.
42. Madigan, S, McArthur, B. A, Anhorn, C. (2020). Associations between screen use and child language skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(7), 665–675.
43. Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C., & Tough, S. (2020). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(3), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5532.
44. Mallawaarachchi S, Burley J, Mavilidi M, et al. Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2024 Oct 1;178(10):1017-1026. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2620. PMID: 39102255; PMCID: PMC12527480.
45. Marciano L, Camerini AL, Morese R. The Developing Brain in the Digital Era: A Scoping Review of Structural and Functional Correlates of Screen Time in Adolescence. Front Psychol. 2021 Aug 27;12:671817. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671817. PMID: 34512437; PMCID: PMC8432290.
46. Martin KC, Ketchabaw WT, Turkeltaub PE. Plasticity of the language system in children and adults. Handb Clin Neurol. 2022;184:397-414. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00021-7. PMID: 35034751; PMCID: PMC10149040.
47. Massaroni V, Delle Donne V, Marra C. The Relationship between Language and Technology: How Screen Time Affects Language Development in Early Life-A Systematic Review. Brain Sci. 2023 Dec 25;14(1):27. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14010027. PMID: 38248242; PMCID: PMC10813394.
48. Mol, S. E., Bus, A. G., de Jong, M. T., & Smeets, D. J. H. (2008). Added value of dialogic parent–child book readings: A meta-analysis. Early Education and Development, 19(1), 7–26. doi.10.1080/10409280701838603.
49. Nakshine VS, Thute P, Khatib MN, Sarkar B. Increased Screen Time as a Cause of Declining Physical, Psychological Health, and Sleep Patterns: A Literary Review. Cureus. 2022 Oct 8;14(10):e30051. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30051. PMID: 36381869; PMCID: PMC9638701.
50. Oller DK, Ramsdell-Hudock HL. Infant vocal development: from primal to canonical vocalizations. Annu Rev Linguist. 2021;7:191-211. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030227.
51. Paul, R. (2017). Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Listening, speaking, reading, writing, and communicating (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
52. Ponti M. Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatr Child Health. 2023 May 16;28(3):184-202. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxac125. PMID: 37205134; PMCID: PMC10186096.
53. Radesky JS, Weeks HM, Ball R, Schaller A, Yeo S, Durnez J, et al. Young Children’s Use of Smartphones and Tablets. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20193518.
54. Radesky, J. S., Schumacher, J., & Zuckerman, B. (2020). Mobile and interactive media use by young children: The good, the bad, and the unknown. Pediatrics, 135(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3352.
55. Radesky, J., & Christakis, D. A. (2021). Digital media guidelines for young children: Recommendations for policy and practice. Pediatrics, 147(3), e2020049985. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049985.
56. Rajimehr R, Firoozi A, Rafipoor H, Abbasi N, Duncan J. Complementary hemispheric lateralization of language and social processing in the human brain. Cell Rep. 2022 Nov 8;41(6):111617. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111617. PMID: 36351379.
57. Reich, S. M., Yau, J. C., & Warschauer, M. (2019). Screen media and young children: Who benefits? Child Development Perspectives, 13(4), 218–224. doi.10.1111/cdep.12340.
58. Reid Chassiakos YL, Radesky J, Christakis D, et al. COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA. Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138(5):e20162593. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2593. PMID: 27940795.
59. Ribic, A., Kersey, J., Domellöf, M., & Viggiano, D. (2021). Screen exposure in young children: European and American joint position paper. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 72(6), 803–807. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003118.
60. Roseberry, S., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2014). Skype me! Socially contingent interactions help toddlers learn language. Child Development, 85(3), 956–970. doi.10.1111/cdev.12166.
61. Shokrkon A, Nicoladis E. The Directionality of the Relationship Between Executive Functions and Language Skills: A Literature Review. Front Psychol. 2022 Jul 19;13:848696. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848696. PMID: 35928417; PMCID: PMC9343615.
62. Sticca, F., Brauchli, V., & Lannen, P. (2025). Screen on = development off? A systematic scoping review and a developmental psychology perspective on the effects of screen time on early childhood development. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology, 2, 1439040. doi.10.3389/fdpys.2024.1439040.
63. Strouse GA, Troseth GL, O'Doherty KD, Saylor MM. Co-viewing supports toddlers' word learning from contingent and noncontingent video. J Exp Child Psychol. 2018 Feb;166:310-326. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.09.005. PMID: 28992611; PMCID: PMC5777334.
64. Strouse, G. A., & Ganea, P. A. (2018). Parent–toddler behavior and language differ when reading electronic and print picture books. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 172, 121–139. doi.10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.002.
65. Sugiyama, T., et al. (2023). Screen time at age 1 year and communication and problem-solving development at ages 2 and 4: A cohort study. JAMA Pediatrics. doi.10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057.
66. Sundqvist A, Barr R, Heimann M, Birberg-Thornberg U, Koch FS. A longitudinal study of the relationship between children's exposure to screen media and vocabulary development. Acta Paediatr. 2024 Mar;113(3):517-522. doi: 10.1111/apa.17047. Epub 2023 Nov 28. PMID: 38014571.
67. Supanitayanon, S., Trairatvorakul, P., & Chonchaiya, W. (2020). Screen media exposure in early childhood and its relation to language development across cultures: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 578457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578457.
68. Takahashi I, Obara T, Ishikuro M, et al. Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Oct 1;177(10):1039-1046. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057. PMID: 37603356; PMCID: PMC10442786.
69. Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2021). Effects of excessive screen time on neurodevelopment in preschool children: A review of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 130, 220–229. doi.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.024.
70. Taylor, G., Sala, G., Kolak, J., Gerhardstein, P., & Lingwood, J. (2024). Does adult-child co-use during digital media use improve children's learning aged 0–6 years? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 73, Article 101139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2024.101139.
71. Tremblay MS, Carson V, Chaput JP, et al. Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jun;41(6 Suppl 3):S311-27. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0151. PMID: 27306437.
72. Tremblay MS, Chaput JP, Adamo KB, et al. Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years (0-4 years): An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. BMC Public Health. 2017 Nov 20;17(Suppl 5):874. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4859-6. PMID: 29219102; PMCID: PMC5773896.
73. Tulviste, T., & Rääk, R. (2024). Weekend parent–child co-use of digital devices and its relations with child language skills. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology, 2, 127–139.
74. Uyar, M., Yücel, M., & Altınay, S. B. (2024). Ekran Maruziyetinin Çocuklar Üzerine Etkisi Hakkında Ailelerin Tutum ve Davranışları. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 31(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2022.50570.
75. Whitehurst, G. J., Falco, F. L., Lonigan, C. J., Fischel, J. E., DeBaryshe, B. D., Valdez-Menchaca, M. C., & Caulfield, M. (1988). Accelerating language development through picture book reading. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 552–559. doi.10.1037/0012-1649.24.4.552.
76. World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. WHO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550536.
77. Zimmerman F. J., Gilkerson J., Richards, J. A., Christakis, D. A., Xu, D., Gray, S., & Yapanel, U. (2021). Teaching by listening: The importance of adult-child conversations to language development. Pediatrics, 144(1), e20182676. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2676.
78. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. J Pediatr. 2007;151(4):364-368. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.071
79. Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2022). Longitudinal associations between early childhood media exposure and language development: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 64, 101018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2022.101018.