1.      Abramovitch, A., Dar, R., Mittelman, A., & Wilhelm, S. (2015). Comorbidity Between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Systematic and Critical Review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(4), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000050

2.      Ameican Psychiatry Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 1120.

3.      American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596

4.      Barrett, P., Farrell, L., Dadds, M., & Boulter, N. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: Long-term follow-up and predictors of outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(10), 1005–1014. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000172555.26349.94

5.      Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa, J., Camacho, M., Castro-Rodrigues, P., Costa, R., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2015). From Thought to Action: How the Interplay Between Neuroscience and Phenomenology Changed Our Understanding of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2015.01798

6.      Bhattacharyya, S., Khanna, S., Chakrabarty, K., Mahadevan, A., Christopher, R., & Shankar, S. K. (2009). Anti-brain autoantibodies and altered excitatory neurotransmitters in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(12), 2489–2496. https://doi.org/10.1038/NPP.2009.77

7.      BÜYÜKTAŞKIN, D., & GÜNEY, E. (2019). Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk: Epidemiyoloji, Tanı, Klinik Özellikler. Türkiye Klinikleri Çocuk Psikiyatrisi - Özel Konular, 5(3), 1–5. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/tr-cocuk-ve-ergenlerde-obsesif-kompulsif-bozukluk-epidemiyoloji-tani-klinik-ozellikler-87260.html

8.      Cameron, C. L. (2007). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14(7), 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2850.2007.01162.X

9.      Den Braber, A., Zilhão, N. R., Fedko, I. O., Hottenga, J. J., Pool, R., Smit, D. J. A., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2016). Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a large population-based twin-family sample are predicted by clinically based polygenic scores and by genome-wide SNPs. Translational Psychiatry, 6(2), e731–e731. https://doi.org/10.1038/TP.2015.223;TECHMETA

10.  Do Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Curi, M., Quatrano, S., Katsovitch, L., Miguel, E. C., & Pauls, D. L. (2005). A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 136B(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJMG.B.30149

11.  E. Swedo, S. (2012). From Research Subgroup to Clinical Syndrome: Modifying the PANDAS Criteria to Describe PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome). Pediatrics & Therapeutics, 02(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0665.1000113

12.  Fineberg, N. A., Hengartner, M. P., Bergbaum, C. E., Gale, T. M., Gamma, A., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rössler, W., & Angst, J. (2013). A prospective population-based cohort study of the prevalence, incidence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 17(3), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2012.755206

13.  Geller, D. A. (2006). Obsessive-Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(2), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.02.012

14.  Geller, D. A., Homayoun, S., & Johnson, G. (2021). Developmental Considerations in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Comparing Pediatric and Adult-Onset Cases. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2021.678538

15.  Geller, D., Biederman, J., Jones, J., Park, K., Schwartz, S., Shapiro, S., & Coffey, B. (1998). Is juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder a developmental subtype of the disorder? A review of the pediatric literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199804000-00020

16.  Ginsburg, G. S., Kingery, J. N., Drake, K. L., & Grados, M. A. (2008). Predictors of treatment response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 868–878. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181799ebd

17.  Grant, J. E., Hook, R., Valle, S., Chesivoir, E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2021). Tolcapone in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 36(5), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000368

18.  Ivarsson, T., Jensen, S., Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Hybel, K. A., Torp, N. C., Melin, K., Nissen, J. B., Weidle, B., Thomsen, P. H., Dahl, K., & Skarphedinsson, G. (2024). Remission and Relapse Across Three Years in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Following Evidence-Based Treatments. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 63(5), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.548

19.  Juckel, G., Siebers, F., Kienast, T., & Mavrogiorgou, P. (2014). Early recognition of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(12), 889–891. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000220

20.  Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook Of Psychiatry 2 Cilt (Türkçe Baskı). (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2025, from https://www.guneskitabevi.com/kaplan-sadocks-comprehensive-textbook-of-psychiatry-2-cilt-turkce-baski-1341?srsltid=AfmBOopIRkpqV1YBxbN5D1USYG2wrLIM3fmJoaJSiyyZQMRYeTiPCYOm

21.  Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPSYC.62.6.593

22.  Kim, J., Myung Chul Lee, Kim, J., In Young Kim, Kim, S. I., Moon Hee Han, Chang, K., & Jun Soo Kwon. (2001). Grey matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Statistical parametric mapping of segmented magnetic resonance images. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(OCT.), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1192/BJP.179.4.330

23.  Krebs, G., & Heyman, I. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(5), 495–499. https://doi.org/10.1136/ARCHDISCHILD-2014-306934

24.  Liu, J., Cui, Y., Yu, L., Wen, F., Wang, F., Yan, J., Yan, C., & Li, Y. (2021). Long-Term Outcome of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 31(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1089/CAP.2020.0051

25.  Mancebo, M. C., Garcia, A. M., Pinto, A., Freeman, J. B., Przeworski, A., Stout, R., Kane, J. S., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2008). Juvenile-onset OCD: clinical features in children, adolescents and adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0447.2008.01224.X

26.  March, J. S. (2004). Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292(16), 1969–1976. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.292.16.1969

27.  Markarian, Y., Larson, M. J., Aldea, M. A., Baldwin, S. A., Good, D., Berkeljon, A., Murphy, T. K., Storch, E. A., & McKay, D. (2010). Multiple pathways to functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.005

28.  Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Milantoni, L., & Arcangeli, F. (2005). A naturalistic study of referred children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000161648.82775.EE

29.  Millet, B., Chabane, N., Delorme, R., Leboyer, M., Leroy, S., Poirier, M. F., Bourdel, M. C., Mouren-Simeoni, M. C., Rouillon, F., Loo, H., & Krebs, M. O. (2003). Association between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 116B(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJMG.B.10034

30.  Öztürk MO, Uluşahin A. Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları II. 2008:736-744. Accessed October 10, 2024. Available from: https://www.pegem.net/kitabevi/9799-Ruh-Sagligi-ve-Bozukluklari-2-Cilt-kitabi.aspx. (n.d.).

31.  Pauls, D. L., Abramovitch, A., Rauch, S. L., & Geller, D. A. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 15(6), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1038/NRN3746

32.  Perani, D., Garibotto, V., Gorini, A., Moresco, R. M., Henin, M., Panzacchi, A., Matarrese, M., Carpinelli, A., Bellodi, L., & Fazio, F. (2008). In vivo PET study of 5HT2A serotonin and D2 dopamine dysfunction in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroImage, 42(1), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.233

33.  Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. (2012). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.019

34.  Rosenberg, D. R., Macmaster, F. P., Keshavan, M. S., Fitzgerald, K. D., Stewart, C. M., & Moore, G. J. (2000). Decrease in caudate glutamatergic concentrations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients taking paroxetine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1096–1103. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200009000-00008

35.  Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/MP.2008.94

36.  Saxena, S., Bota, R. G., & Brody, A. L. (2001). Brain-behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6(2), 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1053/SCNP.2001.21833

37.  Schuyler, M., & Geller, D. A. (2023). Childhood Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 46(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2022.10.002

38.  Shanahan, N. A., Velez, L. P., Masten, V. L., & Dulawa, S. C. (2011). Essential role for orbitofrontal serotonin 1b receptors in obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior and serotonin reuptake inhibitor response in mice. Biological Psychiatry, 70(11), 1039–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.032

39.  Sharma, E., Sharma, L. P., Balachander, S., Lin, B., Manohar, H., Khanna, P., Lu, C., Garg, K., Thomas, T. L., Au, A. C. L., Selles, R. R., Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Skarphedinsson, G., & Stewart, S. E. (2021). Comorbidities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2021.703701

40.  Stewart, S. E., Geller, D. A., Jenike, M., Pauls, D., Shaw, D., Mullin, B., & Faraone, S. V. (2004). Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0447.2004.00302.X

41.  Storch, E. A., Merlo, L. J., Larson, M. J., Geffken, G. R., Lehmkuhl, H. D., Jacob, M. L., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2008). Impact of comorbidity on cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816774b1

42.  Szeszko, P. R., MacMillan, S., McMeniman, M., Chen, S., Baribault, K., Lim, K. O., Ivey, J., Rose, M., Banerjee, S. P., Bhandari, R., Moore, G. J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2004). Brain structural abnormalities in psychotropic drug-naive pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.AJP.161.6.1049

43.  Welch, J. M., Lu, J., Rodriguiz, R. M., Trotta, N. C., Peca, J., Ding, J. D., Feliciano, C., Chen, M., Adams, J. P., Luo, J., Dudek, S. M., Weinberg, R. J., Calakos, N., Wetsel, W. C., & Feng, G. (2007). Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. Nature, 448(7156), 894–900. https://doi.org/10.1038/NATURE06104

44.  Whiteside, S. P., Port, J. D., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 132(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSCYCHRESNS.2004.07.001

45.  Winter, C., Greene, D. M., Mavrogiorgou, P., Schaper, H., Sohr, R., Bult-Ito, A., & Juckel, G. (2018). Altered serotonergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in a mice model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioural Brain Research, 337, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.015

46.  Wu, K., Hanna, G. L., Rosenberg, D. R., & Arnold, P. D. (2012). The role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 100(4), 726–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.007

47.  Zohar, J., Greenberg, B., & Denys, D. (2012). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 106, 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00021-8