1.       Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5), (Köroğlu E, Çev). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği; 2013.

2.       Aydin B, Akbas S, Turla A, Dundar C. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in child victims of sexual abuse: perceived social support as a protection factor. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70(6): 418-23.

3.       Barzilay S, Brunstein Klomek A, Apter A, Carli V, Wasserman C, Hadlaczky G, et al. Bullying Victimization and Suicide Ideation and Behavior Among Adolescents in Europe: A 10-Country Study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2017; 61(2), 179–186.

4.       Baykal S, Akbaş S. Çocuk ve ergenlerde bipolar bozukluk; psikoeğitim uygulamalarımız yeterli mi? Öneminin farkında mıyız? Akbaş S, editör. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bipolar Bozukluk; Tanıdan Tedaviye. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2022; 102-106.

5.       Beck A , Dryburgh N, Bennett A, Shaver N, Esmaeilisaraji L, Skidmore B.  Screening for depression in children and adolescents in primary care or non-mental health settings: a systematic review update. Affiliations Expand 2024; 31:13(1): 48.

6.       Beirão D, Monte H, Amaral M, Longras A, Matos C. Villas-Boas F. Depression in adolescence: a review. Middle East Current Psychiatri 2020; 27 (50).

7.       Blom EH, Ho TC, Connolly CG, LeWinn KZ, Sacchet MD, Tymofiyeva O, et al. The neuroscience and context of adolescent depression 2016; 25;105(4):358–365.

8.       Bohman H, Jonsson U, Von Knorring AL, Von Knorring L, Paaren A, Olsson G. Somatic symptoms as a marker for severity in adolescent depression. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99: 17241730.

9.       Catania LS, Hetrick SE, Newman LK, Purcell, RPrevention and early intervention for mental healthproblems in 0–25 year olds: Are there evidence-based modelsof care? Advances in Mental Health 2011; 10(1); 6–19.

10.    Cheung A, Sinyor M. Depression in children and adolescents in primary care. Peiatr 2021; 4:3.

11.    Cheung AH, , Zuckerbrot RA,  Jensen PS, Laraque D, Stein REK.  Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management, Pediatrics 2018; 141(3): e20174081.

12.    Cheung AH, Zuckerbrot RA, Jensen PS, Laraque D,  Stein REK. GLAD-PC STEERING GROUP Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and Ongoing Management Pediatrics. 2018; 141(3) e20174082

13.    Cicchetti D, Toth SL. The development of depression in children and adolescents. Am Psychol 1998;53(2): 221–41.

14.    Cipriani A, Zhou X, Del Giovane C, Hetrick SE, Qin B, Whittington C, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2016; 388(10047): 881–890.

15.    Clark SM, Jansen KL, Cloy  A. Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Depression Am Fam Physician 2012; 86(5): 442-448.

16.    Coles M E, Ravid A, Gibb B, George-Denn, D, Bronstein, LR., McLeod, S. Adolescent Mental Health Literacy: Young People’s Knowledge of Depression and Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;  58(1): 57–62.

17.    Costello EJ, Angold A, Keeler GP. Adolescent outcomes of childhood disorders: the consequences of severity and impairment. J Am Acad of Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38(2):121-8.

18.    Daviss WB. A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008; 18(6): 565-571. 

19.    Devgun P, Kaur N, Singh A. Depression in Adolescence- A cause for concern. Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 2017; 4(2): 73-76. 

20.    Dilillo D, Mauri S, Mantegazza C, Fabiano V, Mameli C, Zuccotti GZ. Suicide in pediatrics: epidemiology, risk factors, warning signs and the role of the pediatrician in detecting them Ital J Pediatr 2015; 7; 41:49.

21.    Dozois DJ, Eichstedt JA, Collins KA, Phoenix E, Harris K. Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressedadolescents. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 2012; 5(1): 99–112.

22.    Dunn EC, Brown RC, Dai Y, Rosand J, Nugent NR, Amstadter AB, et al. Genetic determinants of depression: Recent findings and future directions.  Harv Rev Psychiatry 2015; 23(1): 1–18.

23.    Erikson EH. Childhood and society: WW Norton & Company; 1993.

24.    Erskine HE, , Maravilla J.C, Wado Y.D., Wahdi A.E., Loi V.M. Fine S. L. Prevalence of adolescent mental disorders in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam measured by the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (NAMHS): a multi-national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2024;27;403(10437):1671-1680.

25.    Farmer TJ. The experience of major depression: Adolescents' perspectives. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2002; 23(6): 567–585.

26.    Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V, Harrington R, Rutter M. The Maudsley long-term followup of child and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric outcomes in adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: 210–217.

27.    Galaif ER, Sussman S, Newcomb MD, Locke TF. Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: A review of empirical findings  Int J Adolesc Med Health 2007; 19(1): 27–35.

28.    Garber J, Clarke GN, Weersing VR, Beardslee WR, Brent DA, Gladstone TRG, et al. Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc 2009;  3;301(21): 2215–2224.

29.    Gonzalez A, Boyle MH, Kyu HH, Georgiades K, Duncan L, Harriet L, MacMillan HL. Childhood and family influences on depression, chronic physical conditions, and their comorbidity: findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46:1475–82

30.    Graber JA, Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP. Pubertal effects on adjustment in girls: Moving from demostrating effects to İdentifying patways. Journal of Adolescence 2005; 35: 391-401.

31.    Grossberg A, Rice T. Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents. Med Clin N Am 2023;107: 169–182.

32.    Halicka-Masłowska J, Kiejna A. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal: Criteria differentiation  Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2018;27(2): 257-261.

33.    Hankin BL. Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions. Epilepsy and Behavior 2006; 8(1): 102–114.

34.    Hendrick MT. Depression’s connection to self-harming behavior in adolescents. Education Masters. Paper (2016); 350. 

35.    Hou Y, Zhao J, Yang X, Zhang X. Family APGAR and self-esteem as mediators between parenting styles and life satisfaction among medical undergraduates. Chinese Journal of School Health. 2018; 39(1): 71–75.

36.    Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML,  Posner K, Birmaher B, Ryan N, et al. Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project: update from Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Medication Treatment of Childhood Major Depressive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46(6): 667-686.

37.    Izaki  Y.  Depression among adolescents : Clinical features and interventions. J Med Invest 2021;68(1.2):22-28.  

38.    Jackson J, Kuppens P, Sheeber LB, Allen NB. Expression ofanger in depressed adolescents: The role of the family environment.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2011; 39(3): 463–474.

39.    Jernslett M, Thackeray L, Orchard F,  Midgley N.  The experience of sleep problems for adolescents with depression in short-term psychological therapy. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2021; 26(4): 938–953.

40.    Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 2020; 25:(1): 79–93.

41.    Klein DN. Assessment of Depression in Adults and Youth   Assessment 2024; 31(1): 110-125.

42.    Korczak DJ, Westwell-Roper C,  Sassi R. Diagnosis and management of depression in adolescents. CMAJ  2023; 29;195(21): 739–746.

43.    Kraus C, Castrén E, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R. Serotonin and neuroplasticity - Links between molecular, functional and structural pathophysiology in depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77 : 317-326.

44.    Larrieu T,  Sandi C. Stress-induced depression: Is social rank a predictive risk factor? Bioessays 2018:40(7):e1800012

45.    Larson RW, Moneta G, Richards MH, Wilson S. Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence. Child Dev 2002;73(4):1151-65.

46.    Lee JH. The Contributing Factors to Adolescent Depression Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection 2018; 2813.

47.    Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein DN, Gotlib IH. Psychosocial functioning of young adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol 2003; 112: 353-363.

48.    Li J, Zhou S, Zhu M. The causes, prevention and treatment of adolescent depression: A review. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 2021; 615: 48-54

49.    Liu M, Kamper-DeMarco KE,  Zhang J,  Xiao J, Dong D, Xue P. Time Spent on Social Media and Risk of Depression in Adolescents. A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022; 19(9), 5164.

50.    Malinauskiene V, Malinauskas R. Predictors of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021; 18(9); 4508.

51.    March JS, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al.  The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64(10): 1132–1143.

52.    McCann TV, Lubman DI, Clark, E. Views of young peoplewith depression about family and significant other support: Interpreta-tive phenomenological analysis study. International Journal of MentalHealth Nursing 2012; 21(5): 453–461.

53.    McCulloch A, Kroll L, Glass J, Dubicka B. A systematic review of the characteristics of adolescents with major depressive disorder in randomised controlled treatment trials.   The European Journal of Psychiatry 2022; 36: 1−10.

54.    McFarlane AH, Bellissimo A, Norman GR, Lange, P. Adolescent depression in a school-based community sample : Preliminary Findings on Contributing Social Factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1994;  23(6): 601–602.

55.    McIntosh AM, Sullivan PF, Lewis CM. Uncovering the Genetic Architecture of Major Depression. Neuron 2019; 102: 91–103.

56.    Nardi B, Francesconi G, Catena-Dell'osso M, Bellantuono C.  Adolescent depression: Clinical features and therapeutic strategies. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 17(11), 1546–1551.

57.    Nottelmann ED, Jensen PS. Comorbidity of depressive disorders in children and adolescents: Rates, temporal sequencing, course and outcome. In C.A. Essau & F. Petermann (Eds.), Depressive disorders in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson 1999.

58.    Okońska A,  Hakało D,  Ignatiuk-Chilkiewicz M, Kałuska J, Jelska., Kozakiewicz J, et al., Risk factors for depression in adolescents. Quality in Sport. , Michał and KIŚLAK, Magdalena. Risk factors for depression in adolescents. Quality in Sport 2025;39:58314.

59.    Pedrelli P,  Shapero B, Archibald A, Dale C. Alcohol use and depression during adolescence and young adulthood: a summary and interpretation of mixed findings. Curr Addict Rep 2016; 4;3(1): 91–97.

60.    Pelkonen M, Marttunen M. Child and adolescent suicide: epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Paediatr Drugs 2003;5(4): 243-65.

61.    Piaget J. The psychology of intelligence. London, UK: Routledge; 1950.

62.    Predescu E,  Sipos R. Self-Harm Behaviors, Suicide Attempts, and Suicidal Ideation in a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders. Children (Basel). 2023; 14;10(4):725.

63.    Rao WW, Zong QQ, Zhang JW,  Jackson T, Ungvari GS,  Xiang Y, et al. Obesity increases the risk of depression in children and adolescents: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord 2020; 267: 78–85.

64.    Rice F, Riglin L, Thapar AK,  JHeron J,  Richard Anney R, O'Donovan MC et al. Characterizing Developmental Trajectories and the Role of Neuropsychiatric Genetic Risk Variants in Early-Onset Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76: 306–13.

65.    Richardson LP, Katzenellebogen R. Childhood and adolescent depression: The role of primary care providers in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2005; 35: 1-24.

66.    Rutman MS, Shenassa E, Becker BM. Brief screening for adolescent depressive symptoms in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15(1): 17–22.

67.    Shain B. Suicide and suicide attempts in adolescents Pediatrics 2016; 138(1): e20161420.

68.    Shorey S, Ng ED, Wong CH. Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2022; 61(2): 287–305.Thapar A, Eyre O, Patel V, Brent D.  Depression in young people 2022;The Lancet 400 (10352).

69.    Sokero TP, Melartin TK, Rytsälä HJ, Leskelä US, Lestelä-Mielonen PS, Isometsä ET. Clinical Features of depressed children and adolescents with various forms of suicidality. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1442-1450.

70.    Stapinski LA, Montgomery AA, Heron J, Jerrim J, Vignoles A, Araya R. Depression symptom trajectories and associated risk factors among adolescents in Chile. 2013; 11: 8(10):e78323.

71.    Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1552–1562.

72.    Suri D, Teixeira CM, Cagliostro MK, Mahadevia D, Ansorge MS. Monoamine-sensitive developmental periods impacting adult emotional and cognitive behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40 : 88-112.

73.    Tamar M, Özbaran B. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Depresyon.Klinik Psikiyatri 2004; 2: 84-92.

74.    Thapar A, Stephan C, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. Lancet 2012; 379(9820): 1056–1067.

75.    Tuisku V, Kiviruusu O, Pelkonen M, Karlsson L, Strandholm T, Marttunen M. Depressed adolescents as young adults - Predictors of suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-injury during an 8-year follow-up. J Affect Disord 2014; 152(154): 313–319.

76.    Twivy E, Kirkham M,  Cooper M. The lived experience of adolescent depression: A systematic review and meta-aggregation  Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2023; 30(4):754-766.

77.    van Geel M, Vedder P, Tanilon J. Relationship Between Peer Victimization, Cyberbullying, and Suicide in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168(5):435–442.

78.    Weersing VR, Jeffreys M, Do MT, Schwartz KT, Bolano C Evidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2017;46: 11-43.

79.    Weisz J R, Kuppens S, Ng MY, Eckshtain D, Ugueto AM, Vaughn-Coaxum R, et al. What five decades of research tells us about the effects of youth psychological therapy: A multilevel meta-analysis and implications for science and practice. American Psychologist 2017;72(2):  79–117.

80.    Weller EB, Weller RA, Svadjian H Mood disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry A Comprehensive Text Book, M Lewis (Ed), Philadelphia, Williams & Wilkins, A Waverly Company 1996; 650-666.

81.    Wilkinson PO, Goodyer IM. Childhood adversity and allostatic overload of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis : a vulnerability model for depressive disorders. Dev Psychopathol  2011;23 : 1017-1037.

82.    Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Huang B. A meta-analysis on the lifetime and period prevalence of self-injury among adolescents with depression. Front Public Health 2024; 31:12:1434958.

83.    Xiao X, Zheng F, Chang H, Ma Y, Yao YG, Luo XJ, et al. The Gene Encoding Protocadherin  9 (PCDH9), a Novel Risk Factor for Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43: 1128–1137.

84.    Yap MBH, Pilkington PD, Ryan SM, Jorm AF. Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2014;156:8–23.

85.    Zwierzynska K, Wolke D, Lereya TS. Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence : a prospective longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41 : 309-323.