1.      Andrisevic E, Westberry DE, Pugh LI, Bagley AM, Tanner S, Davids JR. Correction of tibial torsion in children with cerebral palsy by isolated distal tibia rotation osteotomy: A short-term, in vivo anatomic study. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2016;36(7):743–8.

2.      Blog | Set in Motion Physiotherapy [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.simphysio.com.au/blog/hip-anteversion-hip-retroversion

3.      Bramer JAM, Maas M, Dallinga RJ, Te Slaa RL, Vergroesen DA. Increased external tibial torsion and osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2025 Dec 14];422:175–9. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinorthop/fulltext/2004/05000/increased_external_tibial_torsion_and.29.aspx

4.      Cibulka MT, Winters K, Kampwerth T, McAfee B, Payne L, Roeckenhaus T, et al. PREDICTING FOOT PROGRESSION ANGLE DURING GAIT USING TWO CLINICAL MEASURES IN HEALTHY ADULTS, A PRELIMINARY STUDY. Int J Sports Phys Ther [Internet]. 2016 Jun [cited 2025 Dec 1];11(3):400. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4886808/

5.      Distal tibial/fibular derotation osteotomy for correction of tibial torsion: review of technique and results in 63 cases - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 24]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9449109/

6.      Fabry G. Clinical practice. Static, axial, and rotational deformities of the lower extremities in children. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2010 May [cited 2025 Dec 1];169(5):529–34. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20052491/

7.      Feagin JA, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Principles That Will Improve Your Physical Examination. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Dec 1];33(12):2099–101. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29198345/

8.      Femoral anteversion measurement using Craig’s test. With the patient in... | Download Scientific Diagram [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Femoral-anteversion-measurement-using-Craigs-test-With-the-patient-in-the-prone_fig2_387560161

9.      Gigante A, Bevilacqua C, Bonetti MG, Greco F. Increased external tibial torsion in Osgood-Schlatter disease. Acta Orthop Scand [Internet]. 2003 Aug [cited 2025 Dec 14];74(4):431–6. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00016470310017749

10.  Heinrich SD, Sharps CH. Lower extremity torsional deformities in children: a prospective comparison of two treatment modalities. Orthopedics [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2025 Dec 7];14(6):655–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1866346/

11.  I I, K M, Y K, E S, E T, Y I. Retraction: Differences between the Craig’s test and computed tomography in measuring femoral anteversion in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. J Phys Ther Sci [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Dec 1];34(3):r1. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35291470/

12.  Lee SH, Chung CY, Park MS, Choi IH, Cho TJ. Tibial torsion in cerebral palsy: Validity and reliability of measurement. Clin Orthop Relat Res [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2025 Dec 1];467(8):2098–104. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23807695_Tibial_Torsion_in_Cerebral_Palsy_Validity_and_Reliability_of_Measurement

13.  Liu C, Xu Z, Zeng JF, Song ZQ, Xie YY, Tang ZW, et al. Roles of combined femoral and acetabular anteversion in pathological changes of hip dysplasia and hip reconstructive surgery. World J Orthop [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Dec 1];15(5):390–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835688/

14.  Metatarsus Adductus - Pediatrics - Orthobullets [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4061/metatarsus-adductus

15.  Morgan M. Derotational osteotomies with blade plates. Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. 2015 Jun 19 [cited 2025 Nov 30]; Available from: https://radiopaedia.org/cases/derotational-osteotomies-with-blade-plates

16.  Noonan B, Cooper T, Chau M, Albersheim M, Arendt EA, Tompkins M. Rotational Deformity—When and How to Address Femoral Anteversion and Tibial Torsion. Clin Sports Med [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Nov 30];41(1):27–46. Available from: https://www.sportsmed.theclinics.com/action/showFullText?pii=S027859192100065X

17.  Parker EA, Meyer AM, Nasir M, Willey MC, Brown TS, Westermann RW. Abnormal Femoral Anteversion Is Associated With the Development of Hip Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2021 Dec 1 [cited 2025 Dec 1];3(6):e2047–58. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977664/

18.  RERUCHA CM, DICKISON C, BAIRD DC. Lower Extremity Abnormalities in Children. Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 2017 Aug 15 [cited 2025 Dec 13];96(4):226–33. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0815/p226.html

19.  SHANDS AR Jr, STEELE MK. Torsion of the femur; a follow-up report on the use of the Dunlap method for its determination. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40-A(4):803-816.

20.  Staheli LT. Torsional deformity. Pediatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 1986 [cited 2025 Dec 7];33(6):1373–83. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3786004/

21.  Tönnis D, Heinecke A. Acetabular and femoral anteversion: relationship with osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2025 Dec 1];81(12):1747–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10608388/

22.  Uden H, Kumar S. Non-surgical management of a pediatric “intoed” gait pattern - a systematic review of the current best evidence. J Multidiscip Healthc [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2025 Dec 1];5:27–35. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22328828/

23.  Walton DM, Liu RW, Farrow LD, Thompson GH. Proximal tibial derotation osteotomy for torsion of the tibia: A review of 43 cases. J Child Orthop [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2025 Dec 12];6(1):81–5. Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s11832-012-0384-4&hl=tr&sa=T&oi=ucasa&ct=ufr&ei=E3M8afn0D-uuieoPmpfHkAk&scisig=ALhkC2TthKYDsADL8r7YHcFKWP-H