1. Atsumi T, Yamano K, Muraki M, Yoshihara S, Kajihara T. The blood supply of the lateral epiphyseal arteries in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82(3):392–8.

2. Balasa VV, Gruppo RA, Glueck CJ, Wang P, Roy DR, Wall EJ, et al. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and thrombophilia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(12):2642–7.

3. Boghosian T, Momtaz D, Lawand J, Jahn J, Peterson B, Ghali A, et al. Risk Factors for Developing Perthes Disease: A Comprehensive National Analysis Spanning 2 Decades. J Pediatr Orthop. 2025;45(5):e443–e8.

4. Catterall A, Pringle J, Byers PD, Fulford GE, Kemp HB, Dolman CL, et al. A review of the morphology of Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;64(3):269–75.

5. Catterall A. Perthes's disease. Br Med J. 1977;1(6069):1145–9.

6. Catterall A. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PERTHES' DISEASE. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume. 1971;53-B(1):37–53.

7. Cavailloles F, Bok B, Bensahel H. Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow up of Perthes' disease. Eur J Nucl Med. 1982;7(7):327–30.

8. Cho TJ, Choi IH, Chung CY, Yoo WJ, Lee KS. The bicompartmental acetabulum in Perthes' disease: 3D-CT and MRI study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(8):1127–33.

9. Conway JJ. A scintigraphic classification of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Semin Nucl Med. 1993;23(4):274–95.

10. Devalia KL, Wright D, Sathyamurthy P, Prasad P, Bruce C. Role of preoperative arthrography in early Perthes disease as a decision-making tool. Is it really necessary? J Pediatr Orthop B. 2007;16(3):196–200.

11. Dillman JR, Hernandez RJ. MRI of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(5):1394–407.

12. Eldridge J, Dilley A, Austin H, M EL-J, Wolstein L, Doris J, et al. The role of protein C, protein S, and resistance to activated protein C in Legg-Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):1329–34.

13. Gao H, Huang Z, Jia Z, Ye H, Fu F, Song M, et al. Influence of passive smoking on the onset of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2020;29(6):556–66.

14. Georgiadis AG, Seeley MA, Yellin JL, Sankar WN. The presentation of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in females. J Child Orthop. 2015;9(4):243–7.

15. Glueck CJ, Glueck HI, Greenfield D, Freiberg R, Kahn A, Hamer T, et al. Protein C and S deficiency, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis: pathophysiologic causes of Legg-Perthes disease. Pediatr Res. 1994;35(4 Pt 1):383–8.

16. Guarniero R. Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: 100 Years. Rev Bras Ortop. 2011;46(1):IFC1–IFC2.

17. Hailer YD, Haag AC, Nilsson O. Legg-Calve-perthes disease: quality of life, physical activity, and behavior pattern. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(5):514–21.

18. Hailer YD, Montgomery S, Ekbom A, Nilsson O, Bahmanyar S. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and the risk of injuries requiring hospitalization: a register study involving 2579 patients. Acta Orthop. 2012;83(6):572–6.

19. Hailer YD, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A, Nilsson OS, Bahmanyar S. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and risks for cardiovascular diseases and blood diseases. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):e1308–15.

20. Hailer YD, Nilsson O. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and the risk of ADHD, depression, and mortality. Acta Orthop. 2014;85(5):501–5.

21. Hedley PL, Lausten-Thomsen U, Conway KM, Hindso K, Romitti PA, Christiansen M. Incidence trends and risk factors for Perthes' disease in children born between 1985 and 2016 : a Danish nationwide register-based study. Bone Joint J. 2025;107-B(2):268–76.

22. Herring JA. Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics: From the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children E-Book: 2-Volume Set: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020.

23. Joseph B, Chacko V, Rao BS, Hall AJ. The epidemiology of Perthes' disease in south India. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17(3):603–7.

24. Kamegaya M, Saisu T, Takazawa M, Nakamura J. Arthrographic indicators for decision making about femoral varus osteotomy in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Child Orthop. 2008;2(4):261–7.

25. Katz JF, Siffert RS. Capital Necrosis, Metaphyseal Cyst and Subluxation in Coxa Plana. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 1975;106:75–85.

26. Kealey WD, Lappin KJ, Leslie H, Sheridan B, Cosgrove AP. Endocrine profile and physical stature of children with Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24(2):161–6.

27. Kim HJ, Yoon PW, Cho E, Jung I, Moon JK. National and regional trends in the prevalence of Perthes' disease among the male population in South Korea. Bone Joint J. 2025;107-B(1):42–9.

28. Kim HK, Kaste S, Dempsey M, Wilkes D. A comparison of non-contrast and contrast-enhanced MRI in the initial stage of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(9):1166–73.

29. Kim HK. Pathophysiology and new strategies for the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(7):659–69.

30. Kim S, Oh HS, Lee M, Jung ST. Effect of Postoperative Femoral Neck Shaft Angle on Femoral Head Sphericity Following Proximal Femoral Osteotomy in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022;42(8):432–8.

31. Kollitz KM, Gee AO. Classifications in brief: the Herring lateral pillar classification for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(7):2068–72.

32. Laine JC, Novotny SA, Tis JE, Sankar WN, Martin BD, Kelly DM, et al. Demographics and Clinical Presentation of Early-Stage Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: A Prospective, Multicenter, International Study. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2021;29(2):e85–e91.

33. Lamer S, Dorgeret S, Khairouni A, Mazda K, Brillet PY, Bacheville E, et al. Femoral head vascularisation in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: comparison of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced subtraction MRI with bone scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32(8):580–5.

34. Levin C, Zalman L, Shalev S, Mader R, Koren A. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, protein C deficiency, and beta-thalassemia major: report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(1):129–31.

35. Li Z, Li C, Luo X, Hua Z, Liao S, Ding X. Prognostic Significance of Metaphyseal Changes in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2025;45(9):e818–e25.

36. Loder RT, Skopelja EN. The epidemiology and demographics of legg-calve-perthes' disease. ISRN Orthop. 2011;2011:504393.

37. Mallet C, Abitan A, Vidal C, Holvoet L, Mazda K, Simon AL, et al. Management of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in children with sickle cell disease: results of conservative and operative treatments at skeletal maturity. J Child Orthop. 2018;12(1):47–54.

38. Margetts BM, Perry CA, Taylor JF, Dangerfield PH. The incidence and distribution of Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease in Liverpool, 1982-95. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84(4):351–4.

39. Mills S, Burroughs KE. Legg-calve-perthes disease.  StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.

40. Mishima K, Kamiya Y, Matsushita M, Imagama S. Prognostic value of bone resorption pattern in the anterior portion of the femoral head in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Child Orthop. 2023;17(3):197–204.

41. Molloy MK, Macmahon B. Birth weight and Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(3):498–506.

42. Molloy MK, MacMahon B. Incidence of Legg-Perthes disease (osteochondritis deformans). N Engl J Med. 1966;275(18):988–90.

43. Morris WZ, Liu RW, Chen E, Kim HK. Analysis of Trabecular Microstructure and Vascular Distribution of Capital Femoral Epiphysis Relevant to Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. J Orthop Res. 2019;37(8):1784–9.

44. Nelitz M, Lippacher S, Krauspe R, Reichel H. Perthes disease: current principles of diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009;106(31-32):517–23.

45. Park MS, Chung CY, Lee KM, Kim TW, Sung KH. Reliability and stability of three common classifications for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(9):2376–82.

46. Perry DC, Green DJ, Bruce CE, Pope D, Dangerfield P, Platt MJ, et al. Abnormalities of vascular structure and function in children with Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e126–31.

47. Perry DC, Machin DM, Pope D, Bruce CE, Dangerfield P, Platt MJ, et al. Racial and geographic factors in the incidence of Legg-Calve-Perthes' disease: a systematic review. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(3):159–66.

48. Price CT. The Lateral Pillar Classification for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2007;27(5):592–3.

49. Sankar WN, Lee J, Chong D, Hailer YD, Agrizzi de Angeli LR, Yang S, et al. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging correlates with the duration of stages and lateral pillar class in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Soc North Am. 2024;6:100019.

50. Varela-Garcia M, Torrijos-Pulpon C, Pino-Lopez L, Farrag Y, Forneiro-Perez R, Conde-Aranda J, et al. A retrospective study describing the acetabular consequences of Legg- Calve-Perthes disease. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):753.

51. Waldenström H. The first stages of coxa plana. JBJS. 1938;20(3):559–66.

52. Wynne-Davies R, Gormley J. The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume. 1978;60-B(1):6–14.

53. Yngve DA, Roberts JM. Acetabular hypertrophy in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5(4):416–21.